[1] J. Batali. The negotiation and acquisition of recursive grammars as a result of competition among exemplars. In E. Briscoe, editor, Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models, pages 111--172. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.

[2] T. Belpaeme. Factors influencing the origins of colour categories. PhD thesis, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2002.

[3] A. Billard and K. Dautenhahn. Experiments in learning by imitation grounding and use of communication in robotic agents. Adaptive Behavior, 7(3/4):415--438, 1999.

[4] H. Brighton. Compositional syntax from cultural transmission. Artificial Life, 8(1):25--54, 2002.

[5] W. Croft. Explaining Language Change: an evolutionary approach. Longman Linguistics Library. Pearson, 2000.

[6] G. Frege. -˜ Uber Sinn und Bedeutung. Zeitschrift f-˜ur Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100:25--50, 1892.

[7] S. Kirby. Spontaneous evolution of linguistic structure: an iterated learning model of the emergence of regularity and irregularity. IEEE Journal of Evolutionary Computation, 5(2):102--110, 2001.

[8] J. Lyons. Semantics (2 vols.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977.

[9] C. L. Nehaniv. The making of meaning in societies: Semiotic and information-theoretic background to the evolution of communication. In Proceedings of the AISB Symposium: Starting from Society --the application of social analogies to computational systems, 19-20 April 2000, pages 73--84, 2000.

[10] M. Oliphant and J. Batali. Learning and the emergence of coordinated communication. Center for Research on Language Newsletter, 11(1), 1997.

[11] S. Pinker and P. Bloom. Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13:707--784, 1990.

[12] W. O. Quine. Word and Object. MIT Press, 1960.

[13] A. D. M. Smith. Establishing communication systems without explicit meaning transmission. In Jozef Kelemen and Petr Sos-’-�k, editors, Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the 6 th European Conference on Artificial Life, number 2159 in Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pages 381--390. Springer-Verlag, 2001.

[14] A. D. M. Smith. Intelligent meaning creation in a clumpy world helps communication. Artificial Life, 9(2):559--574, 2003. in press.

[15] K. Smith. Compositionality from culture: the role of environment structure and learning bias. Paper given at the 4 th International Conference on the Evolution of Language, Harvard University, 2002.

[16] L. Steels. Perceptually grounded meaning creation. In M. Tokoro, editor, Proceedings of the international conference on multi-agent systems. MIT Press, 1996.

[17] L. Steels and F. Kaplan. Bootstrapping grounded word semantics. In E. Briscoe, editor, Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: formal and computational models, pages 53--73. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.

[18] R. L. Trask. Historical Linguistics. Arnold, 1996.

[19] P. Vogt. Lexicon Grounding on Mobile Robots. PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2000.